朗阁海外考试研究中心黄蓉
新托福写作经常会出一些限定人物主体的话题,比如说年轻人(youngpeople),老年人(elderly),老师(teacher),教授(professor),家长(parent),名人(celebrity)等等。但是很多同学并不会从这些主体人群的不同特点来分析题目,进而写出一篇非常笼统不是很切题的文章。下面朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将给大家分析一种人群——孩子(children),首先我们先回顾下曾经考过的children话题:
1.Somepeoplethinkthatchildrenshouldbegintheirformaleducationataveryearlyageandshouldspendmostoftheirtimeonschoolstudies.Othersbelievethatyoungchildrenshouldspendmostoftheirtimeplaying.Comparethesetwoviews.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?Why?(小孩应该在很小的时候接受正规教育并花费大量时间在学校学习上,还是应该玩耍?)
2.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Childrenshouldberequiredtohelpwithhouseholdtasksassoonastheyareabletodoso.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.(孩子应该在可能的时候帮助做家务。同意与否?)
3.Agift(suchasacamera,asoccerball,orananimal)cancontributetoachild’sdevelopment.Whatgiftwouldyougivetohelpachilddevelop?Why?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyourchoice.(一个礼品比如照相机,足球,或动物可以对小孩的成长有帮助,你愿意给小孩什么礼物帮助他成长?)
4.Someyoungchildrenspendagreatamountoftheirtimepracticingsports.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthis.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.(很小的小孩花费太多时间从事体育的好处和坏处?)
5.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Gamesareasimportantforadultsastheyareforchildren.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.(游戏对成年人和小孩子同样重要,同意与否?)
6.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Youngerschoolchildrenaged5to10shouldberequiredtostudyartandmusicinadditiontomath,language,scienceandhistory.(5-10岁的孩子应该被要求学习除了数学,语言,科学以及历史以外的绘画和音乐。)
以上这些题目都是最近一些关于孩子的真题,不难发现,现在对孩子的话题比较多并且比较泛,牵扯到很多,如孩子的学习与玩耍,孩子要不要做家务,礼物对孩子的影响,孩子与运动,孩子与游戏,孩子与艺术音乐等的关系。其实在讨论这些话题之前,学生们是否对孩子这个特殊的群体有了解呢?还是仅仅泛泛而谈把年轻人或普遍大众的特征强加到孩子身上去呢?下面我们来了解并解答这些题目我们需要什么样的关于孩子的背景知识。今天首先通过一个教育家JeanPiaget谈及孩子的教育给大家一些观点和语言上的启发:
InfanteducationistheInfant"istypicallyappliedtochildrenbetweentheagesof1monthand12months.(时间)
Earlychildhoodeducationfocusesonchildren'slearningthroughplay,basedontheresearchandphilosophyofJeanPiaget.(理论)Thisbeliefiscenteredonthe"powerofplay".Ithasbeenthoughtthatchildrenlearnmoreefficientlyandgainmoreknowledgethroughplay-basedactivitiessuchasdramaticplay,art,andsocialgames.Thistheoryplaysstemschildren'snaturalcuriosityandtendenciesto"makebelieve",mixingineducationallessons.(这句话非常适合用于托福写作中,说明孩子为什么需要玩耍。)
AccordingtoPiaget’stheory,whenyoungchildrenencounterinformationthatconflictswiththeirpreviouslylearnedexpectations,orschemes,theyattempttobothamodateandassimilatethenewinformation.Throughamodation,achildattemptstoadapthis/hermentalschemesandrepresentationsinordertomakethemconsistentwithreality.Throughassimilation,achildattemptstofitnewinformationintotheirpre-existingschemesaboutreality.Throughthesetwoprocesses,youngchildrenlearnbyequilibratingtheirmentalrepresentationsofrealitywiththerealitytheyencounter.(这段非常有逻辑的论证了孩子是如何在经验中和实践中不断学习和成长的。)
ByapplyingPiaget’stheoriestoschoolprograms,children’sexperiencesbemorehands-onandconcreteastheyexplorethenatureofthingsthroughtrialanderror.(很适用于我们托福写作中孩子犯错的情况)Hebelievesthatearlychildhoodeducationincludesencouragingexploration,manipulatingobjectsandlearningabouttheworldthroughfieldtrips.(很好用的平行结构加论据)Piagetfoundthatchildrenwhowereallowedtomakemistakesoftenlearnedfromthemanddiscoverednewsolutions.(适用于创新)Thistheorypositsthatchildrenbuildtheirownwayoflearning-pavingthewayforearlychildhoodeducation.
Piaget’stheoryhavebeensignificantininfluencingearlychildhoodeducationpractices–howeducatorsshouldteach,howtheycanaffectchildren’slearning,andhowtheycontributetothecognitivedevelopmentofthechild.(一个非常漂亮的平行结构。)
这篇文章在很好的程度上解释了:
1.孩子为什么要玩耍,如为了迎合好奇心,渐渐形成自己的意识,成长以及经验的不断更正的需要。
2.怎么玩耍,如可以排演戏剧,体育锻炼,参加短途旅游,学习艺术。
3.玩耍过程中可能犯一些错误都是为了认识世界做准备的,都给予了非常好的解释,这些对孩子的早期教育有着深远的影响。
4.在词句上大量用了平行结构和学术词汇,虽然不是非常难,但是非常地道,考生们可以学习这样的词句来写托福写作独立作文,一定是非常有效果的。
这篇文章完全可以作为背景知识,看看外国学术专家们是如何看待一些托福常见话题的内容的,同时也看看外国专家的逻辑是如何紧凑的。