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PASSAGE1
Bythemid-neenthcentury,theterm"icebox"hadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.
Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlyneenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Themonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendoftheneenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.
Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhispetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet
(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration
(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket
(D)Sourcesoficeintheneenthcentury
2.Accordingtothepassage,whendidtheword"icebox"bepartofthelanguageoftheUnitedStates?(
A)in1803
(B)sometimebefore1850(
C)duringthecivilwar
(D)neartheendoftheneenthcentury
3.Thephrase"forward-looking"inline4isclosestinmeaningto
(A)progressive
(B)popular
(C)thrifty
(D)well-established
4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because
(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice
(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars
(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlymercialusersofice
(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox
5.Theword"it"inline5refersto
(A)freshmeat
(B)theCivilWar
(C)ice
(D)arefrigerator
6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothedevelopmentoftheicebox?
(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars
(B)Thelackofaworkforthedistributionofice
(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation
(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics
7.Theword"rudimentary"inline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)growing
(B)undeveloped
(C)necessary
(D)uninteresting
8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould
(A)pletelypreventicefrommelting
(B)stopairfromcirculating
(C)allowicetomeltslowly
(D)useblanketstoconserveice
9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeen"ontherighttrack"(lines18-19)toindicatethat
(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore'sfarm
(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant
(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer
(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful
10.Accordingtothepassage,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto
(A)chargemoreforhisbutter(B)traveltomarketatnight
(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly(D)produceiceallyearround
11.The"produce"mentionedinline25couldinclude
(A)iceboxes(B)butter(C)ice(D)markets
PASSAGE2
ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalpoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywind
overthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,and
rivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicwork.Thisimmensepolarizedworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sealevel.
Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs—atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowsthe
importanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.
Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,
andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedandtransportedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwocloselylinkedandinterdependentprocesses,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsandefficiencydependondifferentfactors.1.Theword"modifying"inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)changing(B)traveling(C)describing(D)destroying
2.Theword"which"inline5refersto
(A)clouds(B)oceans
(C)continents(D)pounds
3.Accordingtothepassage,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater
(A)precipitatingontotheground
(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate
(C)evaporatingfromtheoceans
(D)beingcarriedbywind
4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthe"hydrographicwork"(line8)isto
(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater
(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding
(C)movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans
(D)regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers
5.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,asdiscussedinthethirdparagraph?
(A)Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater
(B)Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalpounds
(C)Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents
(D)Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas
6.Theword"rapidity"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)significance(B)method(C)swiftness(D)reliability
7.Theword"they"inline24refersto
(A)insolubleions(B)solubleions(C)soils(D)continents
8.AllofthefollowingareexampleofsolubleionsEXCEPT
(A)magnesium(B)iron
(C)potassium(D)calcium
9.Theword"efficiency"inline27isclosestinmeaningto
(A)relationship(B)growth(C)influence(D)effectiveness
答案：PASSAGE1BBACCDBCDABPASSAGE2AACCDCABD
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