昆明世纪青年：雅思写作中因果关系表达的干货总结
雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类，具体包括三小类：causeandeffect、causeandsolution、problemandsolution。这三小类问题也可以穿起来，即针对某个topic的cause—effect（即problem）–solution。
无论哪种题目，写明因果关系很重要。关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉，无非是BS（because/so），而且大家也一定很清楚的知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。例如
Becausefurther
educationhasbemoreaccessibleforawiderrangeofpeople,anincreasing
numberofpeoplehavedegrees
Furthereducation
hasbemoreaccessibleforawiderrangeofpeople,soanincreasingnumber
ofpeoplehavedegrees.
但是除了BS之外，还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达，具体如下：
Because系列（表原因）：
1.becauseof:
because后接的是一个句子（主谓宾)；becauseof后一般直接跟名词。例如：
Becauseofthe
increasingnumberofmachine—andaswenotedbefore,machinesmagnifyhuman
effort—thenanyoneusingamachinecan
getahigherwage
thananyonenotusingamachine.
2.as/since(除了“因为“外，还有”自从”的意思，使用时要注意避免歧义)
Hoursspenton
commuting,trafficjams,andfightsforparkingshoulddiminish,sinceworkers
makefewerjourneysorworkstaggeredhours
Unfortunately,as
thenumberofpeoplelivinginthecityincreases,sodothedifferentproblems
associatedwithpopulationgrowth.（注意此句中的so不表示“所以”，而是“…也…”的意思）
3.thanksto
(positivesituations通常适用于结果好的时候)
Thankstonew
technology,it'seasierthanevertoworkremotely.
dueto(negative
situations通常使用与结果不好的时候)
owingto/
attributableto/onaccountof
Dueto/…/On
accountofextremeweatherconditions,damagetopropertyoccurs.
4.当原因需要的表达较多时，我们还可以把以上表达改写为原因状语从句，使用thankstothefactthat/duetothefact
that/owingtothefactthat或者onthegroundsthat,,,
Willwelive
longermerelyduetothefactthat/on
thegroundsthattechnology,ifimplementedproperly,willtakestressaway
fromourlives
5.causedby/
resultfrom也表原因
Manycaraccidents
wereresultedfrom/causedbyalackofguardrails
So系列（表结果）：
1.thus/therefore
/thereby/hence
thus:表示‘inthis/thatway’
Asacountry
develops,itscitiesbetheenginesofdevelopment,thusjobsareavailable
intheseareas.
therefore:表示‘forthisreason’/‘becauseofthisorthat’
Therefore,the
influenceofthepeergroupisimportantbothforone’sownpetenceandfor
therelativeevaluationoftheprocessitself,giventhatoneseesoneselfin
relationtoothers.
thereby:bythat
means,asaresultofthat
Insomecountries,
reducedbudgetshaveledtotheeliminationofbusingsystems,thereby
increasingtheuseofcarsandthecongestiontheycreate.
hence:表示‘fromthis/that’
Drinkinglotsof
waterishealthyandreducingplasticwasteisgreatfortheenvironment.
Hence,trendyreusablewaterbottlesthatyoucanrefillyourselfare
health-promoting,eco-friendly,andgreen.
2.Asaresult/
Asaconsequence
Asaresult,those
peoplewhowereindoorshadmuchlighterskin,whichmeansthatwhiterskinis
nowassociatedwithhavingahigherstatusthandarkskin.
Asaconsequence,
environmentalhealthmustaddressthesocietalandenvironmentalfactorsthat
increasethelikelihoodofexposureanddisease.
3.consequently
/accordingly
Consequently更偏重因果逻辑；accordingly更偏重后续解决
Waterpollution
affectsdrinkingwater,rivers,lakesandoceansallovertheworld.This
consequentlyharmshumanhealthandthenaturalenvironment.
Someofthelaws
werecontradictory.Accordingly,measuresweretakentoclarifythem.
Cause系列（表结果）：
1.cause(v.)引起
Theamountof
garbageproducedbythepeoplealsoincreaseswhichcausessanitarylandfillsto
fillupfaster.
2.leadto/result
in导致
注意这里是resultin,后跟结果，前面提到的resultfrom后面跟的是原因。
Thesociety’s
attitudetofoodoftenleadstoover-consumption.
3.bringabout:to
causetotakeplace引起，带来(注意使用时更倾向于“带来“这个意思)
Theinte
technologiesthathavebroughtaboutsomuchsocialchangewerescarcely
imaginablejustdecadesbeforetheyappeared.
4.sparkoff引发、引爆，具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等(=trigger/activate)，或指”点燃“(=inspire)
Sparkoffaseries
ofproblems/achainofeventsrelatedto…
Theycansparkoff
eachother'stalents
affect系列（影响到）
1.
Affect/influence
Morelikelythan
not,gettingavehiclefrompoint"A"topoint"B"involves
combustionofafossilfuel,aprocessthatemitsgassesandaffectsthe
environmentandtheozonelayer.
People'sbehavior
isinfluencedbycircumstancesandevents,friendsandfamily,education,job
prospects,ie,housingandenvironment.
2.impacton对…产生影响(impact一般做名词使用，也可以作为动词
Overthelastfew
decades,therehasbeenatremendousgrowthininformationtechnology,which
canimpactonoureverydaylife.
3.giveriseto使发生
Thedecreaseinthe
numberofbicyclesandcarsmightgiverisetoanothernewsetofproblems.
名词系列（因果）
1.cause(of
sth.)/reason原因
Obesitycanbe
dividedintothreemaincauses–diet,lifestyleandeducation.
Thousandsof
peoplemigratetothecitiesnotonlyforjobsbutalsoforeducationaland
personalreasons.
2.result(for
sth.)/effect结果
Thisisa
difficultproblemwithmanyseriouseffectsontheindividualandcountry.
Anotherresultis
lackofself-esteem.
3.causality因果关系(causeandeffect)causation原因
Thecorrelation
betweenpopulationandhousingpricedoesnotindicatedcausality,onlythe
association.这里的causality也可以换成：causaleffect（因果效应）
Sucha
causality-driven,prevention-focusedapproachtohomicideandotherserious
crimewouldrevolutionizeourconceptionofcriminaljustice,movingfromthe
impositionof“justdeserts”totheenlightenedpursuitofalessviolent
society.
4.impact/influence
影响
Thisareaisoften
overlookedbuthasatremendousimpactonyourlife
Friendshavea
biginfluenceonthewaythatweusesocialmedia—fromunwrittenrulestobuying
decisionsandsomuchmore.
形容词系列（因果）表示因果的形容词不是很常用，使用时多和factor,element结合
1.causal原因的，因果的
Lowieand
elderlyareamongthepotentialcausalfactorsofprevalenceofobesityamong
adults
2.consequential结果的，随之发生的
Measuresother
thanratingswillprovemoreconsequential
3.influential影响的，有影响力的（大多数情况下使用第二个意思）
Familyisthemost
influentialfactoronhappiness.
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