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托福阅读事实信息题考点及应对策略

2017-07-20 阅读:62 来源:沈阳雅思考试报名中心
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<1>提问方式

1.AccordingtoParagraph…,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutX?

2.AccordingtoParagraph…,how/what/why…?

3.Paragraph…/ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutX?

朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为带有提问方式的题型可以总结为以下几个特点:

a.该题型属于细节类题型,并且在大部分情况下题干中会出现一个明确的细节定位词───X。

b.该题型是对细节信息的正面提问(由题干中true/support可知),这一点与否定事实信息题相反。

c.该题型疑问部分一般由特殊疑问词:which/how/what/why…引导,可以得出该题型可以就某细节信息的具体“特性、原因、方式等”进行发问。

<2>解题步骤:

第一步:读题干,划出定位词。

定位词特点:

a.在提问方式1和3当中就是X所代表的部分。

b.在提问方式2中比较复杂,一般是寻找该句中的名词部分,多数充当句中的主语或宾语。

c.定位词有可能是原文原词或者近义词。

例题:

1.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaquifersindesertsistrue?(TPO12WaterintheDesert)

本题干的定位词即aquifers,符合提问方式1。

2.Accordingtoparagraph7,whywouldasocialgroupuseshunning?(TPO13TypesofSocialGroups)

本题干的定位词即shunning,符合提问方式2。

3.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpaintinginEurope?(TPO4CaveArtinEurope)

本题干的定位词即是paintinginEurope,符合提问方式3。

第二步:根据定位词回原文进行定位。

注意:

1.若定位词非原文原词,在定位过程中要对其在原文中的同义替换词敏感。

2.若定位词在原文中出现若干次,要关注所有出现过的地方。

例题:

Paragraph3:Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.(TPO4:CaveArtinEurope)

Accordingtoparagraph3,scholarsexplainedchipsinthepaintedfiguresofanimalsbyproposingthat______○UpperPaleolithicartistsusedmarkstorecordtheanimalstheyhadseen.

○Thepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimalsforhunting.

○Theartistshadremovedroughspotsonthecavewalls.

○UpperPaleolithicpeopleusedthepaintingstoincreasetheirluckathunting.

解题步骤:

1.读题干,找出定位词chips

2.根据定位词回原文进行定位,发现在原文中只有一处出现了chips的原词。那么暂且将答案锁定在该句。

Paragraph6:Allthisapplies,ofcourse,onlytoanadultleatherback.Hatchlingsaresimplytoosmalltoconservebodyheat,evenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.Wedonotknowhowold,orhowlarge,aleatherbackhastobebeforeitcanswitchfromacold-bloodedtoawarm-bloodedmodeoflife.Leatherbacksreachtheirimmensesizeinamuchshortertimethanittakesotherseaturtlestogrow.Perhapstheirrushtoadulthoodisdrivenbyasimpleneedtokeepwarm.(TPO15:AWarm-bloodedTurtle)

11.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsismostaccurateaboutyoungleatherbackturtles?○Theylackthecountercurrentexchangesystemsthatdevelopinadulthood.

○Theirrateofgrowthisslowerthanthatofotherseaturtles.

○Theyloseheateasilyevenwithinsulationandcountercurrentexchangesystems.

○Theyswitchbetweencold-bloodedandwarm-bloodedmodesthroughouttheirhatchlingstage

解题步骤:

1.读题干,划出定位词youngleatherbackturtles

2.根据定位词回原文进行定位,在原文中并不能找到原文原词。因此,考虑有可能是近义词,进而发现youngleatherbackturtles的同义替换词hatchlings。

(点评:该题的难点就在于定位,考生必须要对同义替换词非常熟悉)

Paragraph6:Groundwaterisstoredintheporespacesandjointsofrocksandunconsolidated(unsolidified)sedimentsorintheopeningswidenedthroughfracturesandweathering.Thewater-saturatedrockorsedimentisknownasan"aquifer".Becausetheyareporous,sedimentaryrocks,suchassandstonesandconglomerates,areimportantpotentialsourcesofgroundwater.Largequantitiesofwatermayalsobestoredinlimestoneswhenjointsandcrackshavebeenenlargedtoformcavities.Mostlimestoneandsandstoneaquifersaredeepandextensivebutmaycontaingroundwatersthatarenotbeingrecharged.Mostshallowaquifersinsandandgraveldepositsproduceloweryields,buttheycanberapidlyrecharged.Somedeepaquifersareknownas"fossilwaters.Theterm"fossil"describeswaterthathasbeenpresentforseveralthousandyears.Theseaquifersbecamesaturatedmorethan10,000yearsagoandarenolongerbeingrecharged.(TPO12:WaterintheDesert)

8.Accordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaquifersindesertsistrue?

○Waterfromlimestoneandsandstoneaquifersisgenerallybettertodrinkthanwaterfromsandandgravelaquifers

○Sandandgravelaquiferstendtocontainlessgroundwaterthanlimestoneorsandstoneaquifers

○Groundwaterindeepaquifersismorelikelytoberechargedthangroundwaterinshallowaquifers

○Sedimentaryrocks,becausetheyareporous,arenotcapableofstoringlargeamountsofgroundwater

解题步骤:

1.读题干,找出定位词aquifersindeserts

2.根据定位词回原文进行定位,在原文中找到了aquifers的原文原词,但问题是出现了五次。

(点评:该题的难点不在于寻找定位词,而在于定位词出现次数过多,因此考生此时需要看的范围非常大,对于考生筛选信息的能力要求比较高。)

第三步:比较定位句和选项,筛选出和原文信息匹配的选项。

注意:

1.大多数情况下答案就在定位词所在的句子里,但有时也有可能位于定位句的上一句或下一句。

2.考生只需要核对定位句的信息和选项里的信息是否吻合即可,不需要推理。

3.该题型对于考生的长难句分析能力要求比较高,因为往往定位句都是结构上比较复杂的句子。

例题:

Paragraph4:Nomadismalsosubjectspastoralistmunitiestostrictrulesofportability.Ifyouareconstantlyonthemove,youcannotaffordtoaccumulatelargematerialsurpluses.Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds(thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksorjewelry).So,byandlarge,nomadismimpliesahighdegreeofself-sufficiencyandinhibitstheappearanceofanextensivedivisionoflabor.Inequalitiesofwealthandrankcertainlyexist,andhaveprobablyexistedinmostpastoralistsocieties,butexceptinperiodsofmilitaryconquest,theyarenormallytooslighttogeneratethestable,hereditaryhierarchiesthatareusuallyimpliedbytheuseofthetermclass.Inequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralistsocieties,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbytheabsenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmostmunities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomenacquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.(TPO14:PastoralisminAncientInnerEurasia)

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,thefactthatpastoralistmunitiesaresubjectto“strictrulesofportability”encouragessuchmunitiesto

○relocatelessfrequentlythantheywouldotherwise

○havehouseholdsthataremoreorlessequalinwealth

○beself-sufficientinthemanufactureofsilkandjewelry

○sharelargematerialsurpluseswithneighboringmunities

解题步骤:

1.读题干,寻找定位词,即题干部分已经标记阴影的strictrulesofportability。

2.根据定位词回原文进行定位,很容易发现定位词所在的句子即是第一句。但仔细阅读发现本句话并不是答案。因为题目是想问某个现象的影响,而第一句话只是在描述这个现象。那么只有继续往下看,发现第三句话Suchruleslimit…可以推断这里的代词suchrules应该指代的定位词strictrulesofportability,而且仔细阅读该句话的意思也是在说明某件事的影响。

3.比较定位句与选项:

定位句:Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds.大致意思说:“这样的条例会限制不同游牧家庭之间所收集的产品的差别”。

选项A谈到relocate定居,不符合该句话;B选项moreorlessequalinwealth就等同于limitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoods;C选项self-sufficient自满自足的,不符合原文;D选项sharelargematerialsurplus共享剩余产品资料,不符合原文。

点评:

该题的主要难点在于定位词所在句并不是答案,考察考生在更大范围内搜索答案。在考试时间比较紧张的情况之下,非常考察一个考生的沉着冷静。

Paragraph1:Petroleum,consistingofcrudeoilandnaturalgas,seemstooriginatefromorganicmatterinmarinesediment.Microscopicorganismssettletotheseafloorandaccumulateinmarinemud.Theorganicmattermaypartiallydpose,usingupthedissolvedoxygeninthesediment.Assoonastheoxygenisgone,decaystopsandtheremainingorganicmatterispreserved.

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutpetroleumformation?

○Microscopicorganismsthatliveinmudproducecrudeoilandnaturalgas.

○Largeamountsofoxygenareneededforpetroleumformationtobegin.

○Petroleumisproducedwhenorganicmaterialinsedimentsbineswithdecayingmarineorganisms.

○Petroleumformationappearstobegininmarinesedimentswhereorganicmatterispresent.

解题步骤:

1.读题干,找到定位词petroleumformation;

2.根据定位词回原文进行定位,没有发现定位词,并且通段都是在介绍petroleum是如何形成的。所以,此时只能通读整段,结合排除法对选项一一排除。

3.选项A微生物microscopicorganism能够制造出原油crudeoil和天然气,不符合原文。因为根据文章,石油的形成主要来自于有机物organicmatter,而微生物microscopicorganism只是起到一个帮助前者分解的作用。因此要排除A。选项B考点词为Largeamountsofoxygen,原文并没有提到具体需要的氧气量。选项Corganicmaterial与marineorganisms结合形成石油,不符合原文,因为应该是有机物organicmatter和微生物microscopicorganism结合。选项D符合原文,与原文第一句话Petroleum,consistingofcrudeoilandnaturalgas,seemstooriginatefromorganicmatterinmarinesediment的意思符合。其中同义替换部分为originatefrom=begin。

点评:

该题的主要难点在于定位词不够specific,不够独特。当该题型给出的定位词整个通段都在描述相关信息的时候,那么考生极有可能需要通段浏览,且只能用排除法一一进行排除。

小结:

综上所述,可以言简意赅地说事实信息题主要考察考生的两种能力:定位&同义转换。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为考生可以沿着这两个方向去备考,另外建议广大考生先学习词汇题和句子简化题,然后再学习事实信息题。

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沈阳猎学网 >沈阳雅思考试报名中心 >托福阅读事实信息题考点及应对策略