雅思写作中如何正确应用定语从句
朗阁海外考试研究中心
雅思写作影响高分的关键因素，就是定话从句在写作中的应用。好多考生经常练习定语从句，却不知道怎么有效的备考。
定语从句是中国考生在雅思写作中用得最多的一种从句，也是最纯熟的从句，但是为什么写了大量定语从句的中国考生雅思写作成绩平均分一直保持在5.5分以下呢，到底是从句写得不恰当使用错误，还是因为用得太多而分数不高？本文中，朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将带领各位考生分析这其中的原因。
一、用法不当
很多中国考生认为因为which使用次数更少，所以在定语从句中which会比that使用分数更高，这其实是一个误区，因为which不能取代that在所有的定语从句中的使用。
A可共用的地方——指代一般物
例如：
Theamountoftherubbishthatweproduceisincreasingatanalarmingrate.
在这句话中，that就可以用which取代，而且建议考生当that和which在定语从句中充当宾语的情况下能省略就省略。
再如：
Theproblemthathasbeenunderdebateforseveraldecadesisthatthebasicfacilitiesandinfrastructureareunlikelytosatisfytheneedsofmoretourists.
B不能共用的地方——只能用which，不能用that
例如：
Studentslivingintheirownhomeswouldliveamorefortablelifeandhavemoreopportunitiestomunicatewiththeirparents,whichhasabeneficialimpactonthedevelopmentoftheirpersonalcharacter.
再如：
Television,themostpervasivemeansofentertainmentfortheaveragepublic,isadvancingtowardsanentirelynewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichislikelytoreshapetheworld.
在这两句话中，which都是不可以用that取代的，因为which在文章中指代的是前面的整句话，所以which后面的谓语动词用的也是单三形式。当which在从句里面用来表示前面整句话造成的影响时，which前面要用逗号，谓语动词用单数。
C只能使用that，不能使用which的地方
1.当先行词为all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which。
Manypeopleholdtheviewthattheycandonothingtoprotectthefragileenvironment,andeverythingthatdoeshavegoodimpactsontheenvironmentcanonlybeimplementedwiththepoliticalwill.
Therewouldbefewthatcouldpursueacareerwithoutfuture.
2.当先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that，不用which。
Thereareagreatnumberofignorantpeopleandlargepaniesthatsacrificetheenvironmenttogetthemaximumprofits.
Themostimportantthingisconcernedwiththereactionofworkersandfactoriesthatdonotagreewiththisnewscheme.
3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that，而不用which。
Manypeoplehaveextraordinarywillingnesstobombardtheirbrainswithnewexperiences,whileothersavoidthelatestthingsthattheythinkwouldmakethemhavethefeelingoffear.
4.当先行词有序数词修饰时，关系代词用that，不用which。
ThefirstsightthatwascaughtattheGreatWallhasmadealastingimpressiononhim.
Thefirstimpressionthatyouleavetotheintervieweristhemostimportantthingthatdetermineswhetheryouareadmittedbythepany.
5.当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,theright等修饰时，关系代词用that，不用which。
Travellingexposesthestudentstoavarietyofculturesandnaturalbeautybythemselves,theveryexperiencethatschooleducationcannotprovidetothem.
Thisistheveryhotelthatwelivedlastyear.
6.当先行词被all,every,any,much,little,few,no等修饰时，关系代词用that，不用which。
Muchoftheblamethatneedstobetakenshouldbeplacedontouriststhemselves,whofoolishlyclamberedalloverthereveredBuddhastatues.
Everychildthathasauditorydeficitwouldhavedifficultyinlearningtoreachthemaximumpotential.
7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
Whichofthebooksthathadpictureswasworthreading?
Manypeoplewonderwhichoftheproblemsthattheyarefacingisthemostpressingoneandshouldberesearchedandsolvedimmediately.
8.指代人时，只可以使用that以及who，而不可以使用which。
Inmyopinion,thereareplentyofopportunitiesforeveryoneinoursociety,butonlythosethatareadequatelypreparedandhighlyqualifiedcanmakefulluseofthem.
that不可以用which取代，因为that前面的先行词是人，所以只能用that或者who来引导。
9.在强调句型“Itis...that...”中，只用that，不用which。
Itisthelackoffinancialincentivethatisresponsiblefortheshortageoftalentsintheathleticfield.
Itistalentthatdetermineswhetherapersoncansucceedinanyfield,particularlyintheartisticandmathematicfield.
二、缺乏将定语从句转换成高分的方法
定语从句高分的用法——将定语从句转换成非谓语动词，修饰前面的先行词
1.
例如：Thosepeoplewhostronglysupportcapitalpunishmenthavethefollowingreasons.
改成：Thosepeoplestronglysupportingcapitalpunishmenthavethefollowingreasons.
再如：Thosestudentswhostudyinaforeigncountryseemtobemoreself-confident,independentandwell-informed.
改成：Thosestudentsstudyinginaforeigncountryseemtobemoreself-confident,independentandwell-informed.
将从句中的关联词who去掉，从句的谓语动词变成了ing形式
2.
例如：Thebuildingsthatwereknockeddownseveralyearsagoarewithneitherfinancialnoraestheticvalues.
改成Thebuildingsknockeddownseveralyearsagoarewithneitherfinancialnoraestheticvalues.
Foodsthatareexportedfromaforeignmarketaremoreexpensivethanthelocalproductsofthesamekind.
改成Foodsexportedfromaforeignmarketaremoreexpensivethanthelocalproductsofthesamekind.
从句中的that照样去掉，从句的谓语动词由被动语态变成了过去分词。
3
例如：Theforestandbushthathavebeenclearedforagriculturearenowsufferingfromsoilerosion.
改成Theforestandbushhavingbeenclearedforagriculturearenowsufferingfromsoilerosion.
从句中的that去掉，构成完成时态的have变成having，这与主被动没有关系。
总之，想要在雅思写作中拿到高分，一定要将定语从句写对并且要写好，而定语从句高分的用法就是将定语从句转换成非谓语动词，作为后置定语修饰先行词。
